Abstract: X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) technology stands out for its non-destructive, rapid, high-resolution, and multi-scale three-dimensional imaging capabilities, playing an important role in geological research. Presently, there is a scarcity of comprehensive review literature on the application of X-CT technology in geology, and existing review articles often lack adequate consideration for content relevance and systematic arrangement, failing to fully reflect the growing development of X-CT technology and its expanding scope of application in geological studies. To address this gap, this article provides an overview of the current status of X-CT technology utilization in geological research both domestically and internationally. To better ensure coherence and systematics of the content, the article begins by revisiting the historical development, fundamental principles, advantages, and disadvantages of X-CT technology. Subsequently, starting from various levels of evolution of the Earth, including the formation of the Earth, the structure and changes of deep-seated materials (such as melts and magma), and the structure and alterations of shallow Earth materials (involving to processes like weathering, sedimentation, metamorphism and deformation), the paper discusses the status of X-CT technology applications in geology. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary and an outlook on the future development of X-CT technology. Overall, as X-CT technology becomes increasingly involved, geologists will have multi-level understanding on the origin, composition, and evolutionary processes of the Earth, which contributing to the advancement of the entire field of Earth sciences.